The Crucible By Arthur Miller Essay - 2096 Words

The New Historicism approach calls for the author and the reader to take into account the historic events that occurred at the time in which the work is set as well as the events that occurred in the time when the work was written. Today, New Historicists attempt to study how a literary work reflects its historical context and to understand how the work comments on that context. Arthur Miller used this approach when he wrote one of his most famous works, The Crucible, in 1953. The Crucible is set in Salem, Massachusetts during the time of the famous Salem Witch Trials (1692-1693), where people were accused of witchcraft by others in the town with little or no evidence. When this work was written, Miller was living in a world riddled with fear of communists rather than witches. Arthur Miller used his life experiences and personal influences, the feelings and fears of the American people in the 1940’s and 1950’s, and his knowledge of the Salem Witch Trials in relation to the McCarthy trials in order to write The Crucible, which reflects the ideas of the New Historicism school of thought. During the height of Miller’s success, Hollywood and it’s stars came under the scrutiny of the House of Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC). Many stars were accused of communist activity. The Hollywood Ten was a group of directors and screenwriters that HUAC called to testify in front of them in court. When they appeared, they refused to cooperate with the committee and stated thatShow MoreRelatedThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1269 Words   |  6 PagesAt first glance, the playwright Arthur Miller in The Crucible highlights the historical significance of the Salem Witch Trials of 1692, but in fact it is an allegorical expression of his perception of McCarthyism. If the reader has some background information on Arthur Miller’s victimization as a communist, it is evident that the play is a didactic vessel illustrating the flaws of the court system in the 1950’s. The communist allegations were launched at government employees, entertainers and writers Read MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1681 Words   |  7 Pagesof their way to the last dying breath to make sure they leave with a good or bad reputation. In one of the recent literature study in class â€Å"The Crucible† by Arthur Miller, Miller uses characterization to illustrate reputation throughout the play. â€Å"The Crucible† takes place in Salem, Massachusetts. It is based upon the Salem witch trails. In â€Å"The Crucible†, we journey through the life of three characters who reputations plays a major role in the play. The three characters are John Proctor, AbigailRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1333 Words   |  6 PagesAs the various characters in The Crucible by Arthur Miller interact, the dominant theme of the consequences of women’s nonconformity begins to slide out from behind the curtains of the play. Such a theme reveals the gripping fear that inundated the Puritans during the seventeenth century. This fear led to the famous witc h-hunts that primarily terrorized women who deviated from the Puritan vision of absolute obedience and orthodoxy. Arthur Miller presents his interpretation of the suffering by subtlyRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller998 Words   |  4 Pagesmotivated by jealousy and spite. The Crucible is a four-act dramatic play production that was first performed on January 22, 1953. Arthur Miller used dialogue within the characters to cover the multiple themes; conflicts and resolutions, plus the few directions for the different actions of the play. The Salem Witch Trials were intended to be performed as the play however, when read, it can be more carefully examined and broken down to analyze the techniques. Miller, the playwright, uses literaryRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1145 Words   |  5 PagesUnbalance Through The Centuries In Arthur Miller’s play, The Crucible, the author reflects the persecution of communists in America in the 1950’s through a recount of the Salem witch trials. It is often presumed that Miller based his drama directly off of events that were particularly prevalent in the years surrounding the publication of The Crucible- which was released in the year 1953, towards the conclusion of the Korean War. Although there was not a literal witch hunt occurring during this timeRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1063 Words   |  5 PagesIn the English dictionary, there are three definitions of the word crucible. One is a metal container in which metals are mixed and melted. Another is a severe test. But the third definition, and the one that I think fits the best for this book, is a place or situation in which different elements interact to create something new. In my mind, this fits because all of the characters had their little grudges and dirty secrets. But when all th ose seemingly little things interact, they formed somethingRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1285 Words   |  6 Pages Rationale, Morality, Stereotypes, Pressure, Self-Censorship, Unanimity, and Mindguards. Groupthink has also taken place in our history a a country. The play, The Crucible by Arthur Miller is about a the real-life Salem Witch Trials that happened in 1692 - 1693, in Salem, Massachusetts. Some symptoms of Groupthink found in the Crucible are Rationale, Pressure, and Self-Censorship. The Groupthink symptom, Rationale, is described as when victims of Groupthink ignore warnings: they also collectivelyRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller811 Words   |  4 Pages While The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, is only a four act play, it still resembles the format of a five act play. The five-act structure evolved from a three-act structure, which was made famous by Roman Aelius Donatus. Donatus came up with three types of plays: Protasis, Epitasis, and Catastrophe. The five-act structure helped to expand the three act structure, mainly made famous by Shakespeare through his many tragedies. Even though The Crucible contains only four acts, it still has the commonRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1052 Words   |  5 PagesBuddy Al-Aydi Ms.Healy English 9 CP 14th October 2014 The Crucible Essay The Crucible was a novel written by Arthur Miller in the 1950’s. It was written in a format of the play, portraying an allegory of the Salem Witch-Hunts led by Senator Joseph McCarthy. The book is known to have a inexplicable plot. This plot is advanced by multiple characters in the book in order to ensure that the reader maintains interest with the material that is being read. The farmer, John Proctor, would be theRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller841 Words   |  4 PagesThe Crucible is a chaotic play, throughout this American classic Arthur Miller takes the reader through multiple events of terror and insanity. While creating a great on-stage play, Arthur Miller portrays his life through the events, the characters, and plot of The Crucible. Using vivid imagery and comprehensible symbolism, Miller manipulates the real personalities of the characters and events in 1600 Salem, Massachusetts to create a symbolic autobiography. Throughout this play, the reader experie nces

Alberta Tar Sands Free Essays

string(46) " some of the most polluted air on the planet\." â€Å"Only when the last tree had died and the last river has been poisoned†¦will we realize that we cannot eat money†. This is an old Cree saying that is very applicable today. Is the mining of the Alberta tar sands worthwhile, knowing its devastating effects on the environment? There are very valid points for both arguments, being them economical, political, environmental, or moral. We will write a custom essay sample on Alberta Tar Sands or any similar topic only for you Order Now The mining of bitumen is not something that is sustainable for the environment, or the companies involved. Although these open-pit mines produce much of the world’s oil, people should consider paying more at the pumps rather than destroying the only world we have to live in. The tar sands in Alberta essentially benefit every country but Canada, and everyone will have to pay the price of the damage caused to the environment. Pollution is caused in the production of bitumen, as well as in its consumption. The first documented European discovery of the tar sands in the Athabasca region of Northern Alberta was made by Alexander Mackenzie in 1773. Over one hundred years later in 1899, Charles Mair and a party of Dene natives explored the Athabasca area by request of the Canadian government. 1 Mair and his party stayed at the northern fur trading post of Fort Chipewan. 1 Following his visit to the region, Mair made a very prophetic statement: â€Å"That this region is stored with a substance of great economic value is beyond all doubt, and, when the hour of development comes, it will, I believe, prove to be one of the wonders of Northern Canada†. 1 Commercial development of the Alberta tar sands first began in 1967 by Suncor . The oil crisis in 1973 sparked investor’s interest in mining development in Alberta, and Herman Kahn proposed that the Canadian government begin mining the tar sands. 1 However, the Trudeau government believed that it would overheat the economy, create steel shortages, unsettle the labor market, and drive up the Canadian dollar. 1 Now, instead of Canada mining the tar sands, global companies from the United States, China, Japan, Korea, France, and Norway have invested a total of 200 billion dollars in the Alberta tar sands. These investments account for sixty percent of global oil investments. Bitumen is defined as a naturally occurring semisolid mixture of hydrocarbons. The fields of bitumen are naturally occurring all around the Athabasca water basin. Most of the Alberta tar sands lie so deep underground that it must be removed by first separating the bitumen from the sand using steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD). 1 SAGD works by using water from the Athabasca River and heating it into steam. 1 The steam is then pumped into the ground using hoses. Steam melts areas of bitumen from top to bottom, and the liquid bitumen drains from to the bottom of the pit where it can be collected. This method was created by University of Alberta chemist, Dr. Karl Clark. It was first used by Suncor in 1965. Bitumen is considered one of the world’s dirtiest oils, because of its many impurities. 1 These impurities make a complex mining system necessary. Clearly, the harsh reality of having mined all of the clean oil is that we must now mine the dirtiest. Fort McMurray in Northern Alberta has changed dramatically due to the growth of the mining industry’s presence in the tar sands. 1 The growth in the area is said to be exponential, with no chance of slowing down anytime soon. This growth has completely changed the identity of the city. Housing in Fort McMurray is scarce and expensive. 1 It is nearly impossible to live in Fort McMurray unless you work in the mines. This has destroyed small business owners in the city, because they cannot get anyone to work for them at a reasonable wage. Also, the high average family income has caused high inflation rates. The mine employees who live in the city temporarily have caused the city shortfalls in roads, schools, and health care. Although shocking, these are typical problems that face cities that experience such a large econo mical boom in such a short period of time. The Canadian government has no regulations for the reclamation in the Athabasca region. 1 There is also little known as to how the diverse ecosystem of the region can ever be returned to its natural state. The wetlands that once covered the area cannot be replaced. Also, the large oil companies have not found any way to destroy the toxic waste byproducts in the tailings ponds. 1 In an effort of reclamation, 7. 5 million tree seedlings were planted in the area, but many did not survive because of the state of the soil. Syncrude spent 0. 20% of its total budget on reclamation efforts in 2005. There is estimated to be no bitumen left in forty years. The Alberta government fears that the cost of the reclamation will fall on taxpayers when the global companies leave. This is why it is essential for hold these companies accountable for reclamation while there is still money to be made in the tar sands. Bitumen requires much more energy in production than standard crude oil. 1 Producing one barrel of bitumen takes three times as much energy as producing a barrel of crude oil, and it creates three times as many pollutants. However, bitumen only sells for half the price of crude oil. Every day, the amount of natural gas needed to heat four million homes is used to boil water into the steam needed in SAGD. 1 The mines also use as much water per year as a city of two million people. To produce one barrel of bitumen requires the excavation of two tons of earth, and three barrels of fresh water from the Athabasca River. 1 1. 3 million barrels are exported every day. 1 Because of the oil production, the region has some of the most polluted air on the planet. You read "Alberta Tar Sands" in category "Papers" The three hundred tons of sulphur that is releas ed into the air per day has caused Alberta’s eastern neighbor, Saskatchewan, to have recurring acid rain. This is just another example of how the destruction caused by oil production will ripple throughout the country. The forests in the area of the Athabasca oil sands have experienced extensive clear-cutting to make room for open-pit mines. 1 It is estimated that the mining developments in the region will eventually destroy a forest approximately the size of Florida. 1 Because of the destruction of the soil, the spruce and pine trees that once covered the region will never be able to grow in the now salt-rich soil. 1 This will obviously have a detrimental effect on the wildlife in the region. Already, the moose, deer, beaver, waterfowl, and other animals that once lived in the region are now scarce. 1 The delicate ecosystem of the area has been destroyed. The tailings ponds along the Athabasca River are used to hold the toxic waste that is produced in the production of bitumen. 1 These ponds now cover twenty-three square miles, and 400 million gallons of this toxic waste is produced daily. 1 It contains salt, phenols, benzene, cyanide, arsenic, as well as other carcinogens. 1 The tailings ponds pose a threat to wildlife that unknowingly enters the ponds believing them to be fresh water. This reality made headlines when 500 ducks were killed in the ponds on April 28, 2008. 1 The ponds are also not properly contained. Not only to the toxins leak into the groundwater, but many of the ponds leak directly into the Athabasca River. 1 There seems to be no real solution to this problem, as not even the experts know how to properly discard the waste in the tailings ponds. Canada has no official water policy, as well as the worst record of pollution enforcement among industrialized nations. 1 The tailings ponds contaminate the water, and Suncor and Syncrude are legally allowed by the Alberta government to ump 150 pounds of arsenic into the Athabasca River per year. 1 One hundred years ago, all of the water in Alberta was potable; it must all now be chemically treated. 1 Also, twenty-three percent of Canada’s freshwater can no longer support aquatic life because of watercontamination. Already, deformed fish are being found in Lake Athabasca. 1 Fort Chipewan is downstrea m from Fort McMurray and the mining operations. As an aboriginal people, they eat fish and wild game from the area. 1 They also drink the water from the Athabasca River. Five cases of cholangiocarcinoma, a rare cancer of the bile duct, have been recorded in Fort Chipewan in the last five years. 1 Cholangiocarcinoma typically occurs in one in 100, 000 people. 1 In 2006, Fort Chipewan’s population was 915. 1 These statistics speak for themselves; however, the province has denied the community a thorough health study. 1 The current state of Fort McMurray is due to the exponential growth that has taken place in the city. 1 However, the city’s seemingly thriving state makes it at risk for drugs, prostitution. Nearly half of mine workers test positive in drug screening. Therefore, most companies don’t do drug testing, because they would have nobody to work if they did. 2 The city and surrounding area have high rates of people driving while impaired, and road fatalities on Highway 63. 1 As well, the province of Alberta has the lowest voter turn-out in the country. 1 Fort McMurray has a high divorce rate, and a suicide rate thirty-one percent above the provincial average. 1 The city also has a high drop-out rate for high school students. The entire city is caught up in the money, not seeming to realize that their income is based on an unpredictable and unreliable market. The people living in Fort McMurray expect the money to keep on coming, and the people from outside of the city are only there for the money; when they’ve made the money that they went there to make, they will eventually leave. Alberta women also experience the highest level of abuse in the country. The province’s premier says that this is â€Å"the price to pay f or prosperity. Unfortunately, to some degree, he’s right. ElDean Kohrs is quoted as saying that â€Å"a history of power production synonymous with boom development usually leaves behind spiritual depression, divorce, drunkenness, dissension, and death†. The people of Fort McMurray can only hope that once the bitumen is gone, the city will not end up like the Klondike City of the gold rush. Although there are many devastating environmental effects of mining bitumen in the Alberta tar sands, the mining gives way to many opportunities for economic gain. The global demand for oil is a huge factor in why it is beneficial to mine the area. The Alberta tar sands are the world’s last remaining oil field, and have attracted sixty percent of global oil investments. 1 Although bitumen is referred to as ‘dirty oil’ it cannot be argued that all forms of oil cause some kind of environmental damage. Canada is now the second largest exporter of oil in the world. It is without doubt that the tar sands would eventually need to be mined, knowing our growing rate of oil consumption; but the rate of the growth is what has frightened people away from the idea of mining the area. Many of the large oil companies are making large strides in making better environmental choices. Suncor has reduced its water consumption by thirty percent in the last two years, and Syncrude has reclaimed twenty-two percent of its disturbed land. The Canadian government has also spent six billion dollars on climate change projects in the last fifteen years. 1 These are positive signs showing that the ways of mining land are changing for the better. The tar sands have also prompted growth all over Alberta. All major cities in Alberta have seen substantial growth in population over the past five years, and this growth as made Alberta one of the wealthiest provinces in Canada. Bitumen mining has also had a large effect on the Canadian dollar. 1 Between 2003 and 2006, the Canadian dollar went from sixty-four cents to eighty-seven cents on the U. S. dollar. This value is nearly parallel with the price of crude oil. Canada’s main exportation priority has become providing the United States with oil. 1 Canada is now the single larger exporter of oil to the U. S. 1 The U. S. has a high demand for oil, as U. S. citizens currently consume twenty-five percent of the world’s oil. 1 However, because of our high exportation, the Free Trade agreement is under intense scrutiny. It would seem that the agreement is no longer benefitting both countries. In summarizing the arguments, you could come to several conclusions. You may believe that the devastating effects on the environment are not worth mining bitumen. You may believe that to stay economically strong, Canada must mine the Alberta tar sands and have high exportation to the Unites States. Morally, it is clear what is right; however, economic decisions are never easy to make. The mining has devastated the region, and it is easy for a person to say that is wrong. However, these same people would not be ok with walking to work, or with paying high prices at the pumps. It is an ethical dilemma that faces the people today, between what we know is right, and what we are willing to go without. It is undeniable that the argument for the thesis is much stronger, but it may not have much validity to people concerned with the economy. The mining of bitumen is not sustainable, and will eventually recreate the identity of northern Alberta. 1 We can conclude that mining the Alberta tar sands has a detrimental effect on the environment that will eventually affect the entire world. â€Å"When one tugs at a single thing in nature, he finds it attached to the rest of the world†-John Muir. How to cite Alberta Tar Sands, Papers

Chaucer Covert Critique of the Church free essay sample

An examination of Geoffrey Chaucers critique of the church in his book Canterbury Tales. This paper illustrates how Geoffrey Chaucer ingeniously criticizes the Roman Catholic Church and advocates religious reform by accrediting his opinions to the characters in The Prioress Tale, The Friars Tale, The Parsons Tale, and The Clerks Tale through an elaborate system of various degrees of perception, which allowed Chaucer greater literary freedom. Specific biblical references are also used to support the thesis. Chaucers veiled criticism of the Roman Catholic Church and support for religious reform through his characters allows him more leeway than he would otherwise have. The intricate filter system allows Chaucer greater literary freedom due to the ambiguity generated as to where each thought originates. Despite this anonymity, Chaucer appears to have taken the advise of the Parson to repent, when he later retracts having written about worldly vanities. Chaucers Retraction, which concludes The Canterbury Tales, adds another level of complexity through which the reader must filter his work: is Chaucer truly repentant or is his Retraction just another device used to mislead?

Journalistic Article on Kind of Blue- Miles Davis free essay sample

This release can be described as the cornerstone of Jazz music, Having sold over 20 million copies, It has gone on to Influence generations of musicians to come. Even to this day it is currently selling 5000 copies per week. It is nothing short of a masterpiece and these six tracks of brilliant improvisation will leave you in a better mood by the end of it. Through the modal sketches of Davis, this album takes you on a mysterious and beautiful Journey Into the world of jazz.The word on the street is that Miles Davis only gave extremely brief instructions to he musicians as to what to play for each song. The way he went about recording this album marked a difference in his musical Journey. Basing the entire album on modality rather than chord changes, he simply gave them a modal sketch of each song and the rest was left up to their own improvisational skill skill. We will write a custom essay sample on Journalistic Article on Kind of Blue- Miles Davis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The beauty of this album Is that It Is based on pure spontaneity of each artist. There Is a beautiful and distinct voice expressed through each Instrument. It Is a rare thing to bring together a string of such unique and talented artists. But when it happens- meeting that cannot be described with words takes place- true music. In the studio with Davis were saxophone players John Coloration and Julian Dearly, the bassist Paul Chambers, plants Bill Evans and drummer Jimmy Cob, From Intricate yet delicate piano runs, to the smooth and slick improvisations of the trumpet, to the steady and foot thumping bass line and the unmistakable groove of the drums, each musician brought something exciting and different to this modal approach of Improvisation.The final album was recorded In almost one take. Somebody once told me that a true musician makes what is difficult to seem very impel. In such a case as Kind of Blue this is what I would call an accurate statement. Because of the musical genius behind this album, it Is something that would be at home in the CD collection of anybody- not just the dedicated fans of jazz. The music flows with such an accessible ease and is enjoyable for any ear. At the same time however, it is also beyond satisfying for the passionate musician to analyses.It can definitely be appreciated by those who are not dedicated jazz fans. If you are looking to get Into Jazz music, I would say this album Is the best place In which to begin. The first song on the album is the famous So What. This could be considered the staple of Males Davis. Everyone knows It, and everybody loves it. A dark and mysterious piano sequence starts the song and is soon Joined by the catchy bass line that is the core of the whole tune.After 9 minutes of mind blowing improvisation satisfaction. Following is Freddie Freeloader a song with clear inspiration from the blues, with up-tempo blues piano riffs in a 12 bar blues form that are then replaced with the unpredictable improvisations of Miles Davis on the trumpet. His harmonistic muted tone is unforgettable. Next comes Blue in Green. The romantic piano intro is definitely a change of mood from the first two tracks. It is the shortest song on the album.

Definition and Examples of Janus Words in English

Definition and Examples of Janus Words in English Janus word is a word (such as cleave) having opposite or contradictory meanings depending on the context in which the word is used. Also called antilogy, contronym, contranym, autantonym, auto-antonym, and contradictanyma. Examples and Observations To weather can mean to endure or to erode.Sanction can mean to allow or to prohibit.Fix can mean a solution (as in find a quick fix) or a problem (left us in a fix).Clip can mean to separate (as in clip the coupon from the paper) or to join (as in clip the answer sheets together).Left as a verb in the past tense means to have gone; as an adjective, it means remaining.Wear can mean to last under use or to erode under use.Buckle can mean to fasten or to bend and then break.The verb bolt can mean to secure, lock or to start suddenly and run away.Screen can mean to conceal or to show.Fast can mean moving quickly (as in running fast) or not moving (as in stuck fast). The Verb Table in British English and American English In British English, when you table a document, you add it to the agenda for a meeting, usually by placing copies on the table at the beginning of the meeting because it was not ready in time to be sent out. In American English, however, when you table a document, you remove it indefinitely from the agenda. Writers on both sides of the Atlantic should be aware of this possible source of confusion.(R.L. Trask, Mind the Gaffe! Harper, 2006) Literally [T]his usage of literally [to mean figuratively] . . . is not the first, nor will it be the last, instance of a word that is used in a seemingly contradictory way. There are many such words, and they arise through various means. Called Janus words, contranyms, or auto-antonyms, they include cleave (to stick to and to split apart) . . . and peruse and scan (each meaning both to read closely and to glance at hastily; skim). Usage writers often criticize such words as potentially confusing and usually single out one of the meanings as wrong, the right meaning being the older one, or the one closer to the words etymological meaning, or the one more frequent when 18th-century grammarians began to examine language systematically.  (Jesse Sheidlower, The Word We Love to Hate. Slate, Nov. 1, 2005) Factoid [Factoid is a] term created by Norman Mailer in 1973 for a piece of information that becomes accepted as a fact, although it is not actually true; or an invented fact believed to be true because it appears in print. Mailer wrote in Marilyn: Factoids . . . that is, facts which have no existence before appearing in a magazine or newspaper, creations which are not so much lies as a product to manipulate emotion in the Silent Majority. Lately, factoid has come to mean a trivial fact. That usage makes it a contranym (also called a Janus word) in that it means both one thing and its opposite . . ..(Paul Dickson, How Authors From Dickens to Dr. Seuss Invented the Words We Use Every Day. The Guardian, June 17, 2014) Schizophrenic Words Best and worst both mean to defeat. Cleave means both to cling to and to split apart. Fast means both speedy and immobilized (as well as several other things). Dress means to put on apparel, as a person does, or to take it off, as is done to a chicken. And while you are reflecting on such oddities, you may as well know that bleach means also blacking; bluefish also greenfish; bosom also depression; emancipate also to enslave; and help also to hinder.​(Willard R. Espy, The Garden of Eloquence: A Rhetorical Bestiary. Harper Row, 1983)

5 Reasons You Shouldnt Care About Your Job Title

5 Reasons You Shouldnt Care About Your Job Title We need to work to pay the bills and afford to keep ourselves and our loved ones afloat. That’s the bare minimum and the bottom line. But too often people get tangled up in the status of their job title, and it can make them miserable. Here are 5 reasons why you should stop worrying about the name of your job and start enjoying the fact that you have it (and don’t hate it!). 1. You’re appreciatedWhen you do something well, you ideally are recognized for your achievement and your coworkers and/or boss take the time out to give you a pat on the back. Maybe your employer makes a point of rewarding your success in your annual review, or perhaps you see their gratitude reflected in a bonus or a salary increase?If you’re getting this kind of attention- and praise when you have earned it- that’s more than many people can say in unsatisfying jobs they hate.2. You’re not chained to the deskHaving a job with flexibility is like getting a glimpse of the holy grail. If you’ve found a job where you can set your own hours, or work remotely even part of the time, or just swap out when you need to take care of things at home, then you have something worth more than any title: work-life balance. Hold on to it.3. You’ve got controlMaybe your boss encourages you to grow your career- and, more importantly, gives you the freedom to decide for yourself which opportunities would do that best. If you feel like you’re continually learning something every week you work, then you’re in a pretty good position.4. You’re an assetYou know you’re good at what you do, but in this case your boss knows it too. She has made- and continues to make- an investment in you. You’re trusted to face new challenges, given unimpeded access to new training and other learning opportunities†¦ In short, you’re valued.5. You enjoy yourselfDo you actually like coming to work every day? More or less enjoy what y ou do? Have a good working relationship with your coworkers and boss? Maybe you don’t love what you do or do what you love, but that is a rare thing indeed. If you like what you do, you’re halfway there. And that is worth more than any title.

Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Project - Essay Example It is also important to note that some motors produce immense output power, but cannot be efficient enough. It is under such conditions that people make use of H Bridge in the efficient control of the Motors’ direction. Project Fundamentals An H-bridge circuit refers to a power circuit that is electric, and used in the control of electric motors like DC motors used in automotive applications. The H-bridge functions in controlling the direction and speed of the motor by allowing a limited amount of current to flow in the motor through the right direction (Barrett, 2012). It is made up of four MOSFETs, which are under the control of control signals of the (PWM) Pulse Width Modulation. The original design of the DC motor control incorporates Multisim LabVIEW co-simulation that permits the performance of the entire system to be authenticated on the desktop. The motor has such parameters as inductance, the load weight, and armature resistance for accurate verification of the result s of the performance. The use of a multisim-labVIEW co-simulation ensures that one shall not have to digital and analog systems separately. During the implementation stage of the model, the circuitry of the analog can be transferred for photocopying to the Ultiboard. Such a transition between the Ultiboard and Multisim makes sure that there is a precise convey of simulated designs. The graphical code of control is moved to a Single Board Rio 9695 target. This is usually an acquisition device and an embedded control that puts together a FPGA that is user-reconfigurable, a real time processor, and input or output of printed circuit board. The four MOSFETs needed in designing a H-bridge can be demonstrated with the diagram below. Two of the MOSEFETs should be of P channel (IRF9540N), while the other two should be of N channel (IRF540N). They should be designed in such a way that the motor’s rotation is controlled through an on-off-on switch. The motor’s closed-loop contro l starts through inputs that are user-defined such as the necessary step size and speed. This message is resent to the Multisim design through the co-simulation terminals. Negotiations between labVIEW and Muiltisim occur as a guarantee in conversation and accuracy for both sides. In case of abrupt drops or peaks in Multisim, negotiation in time-step allows Multisim to alter the available time-step to view the drops and peaks. A point by point model between digital systems and analog circuits results to an advanced system both in accuracy and behavior. Once the verification of the system design has been made with Multisim and labVIEW co-simulation, the complete circuit can be moved to Ultiboard for routing and layout. List of Components The list of components used in the circuit includes: MOSFET P Channel (IRF9540N) – 2 MOSFET N Channel (IRF540N) – 2 Motor – DC 6 volts Battery – 9 volts Switch – 1 Connecting Wires and Strip Board Controlling the Mot or The control of the motor is done through the two ways switch connected to Q1 and Q3 of the circuit. If a signal is sent to Q1the motor is stimulated to move in a forward direction, while on the other hand, if a signal is sent to q3 the motor is stimulated run in a reverse direction. It is never possible to sent signals to both Q1 and Q3at the same time because of the use of on off on switch. This can be summarized using the following table: Q1 Q3 Stop 0

International Law Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International Law Questions - Assignment Example The Australian and New Zealand markets permit competition in their markets. Being new target markets for business, there are various market strategies that would assist the firm in penetrating the markets. Franchising, which involves selling rights of the firm’s business model to local affiliated firms is an appropriate method. The corporation sells the rights of distribution to local Australian firms. The other market entry strategies apt for these markets include joint ventures, Greenfield projects and exportation.Zimbabwe and Cuba markets are different from the aforementioned markets because of their corruption. Foreign firms, before entry, have to bribe government officials despite the market entry strategy adopted by the firm. The bribes facilitate faster processing of legal and business documents and the required licenses for operation in these markets. Without bribes, the firm will enter these markets after a prolonged time. The World Trade Organization stands out as a treaty because it promotes more free trade amongst its members. By promoting international trade, the treaty encourages member states to increase their individual output through specialization. The main objective of this treaty is to promote peace amongst member states during the trading process. Trading amongst individuals usually leads to disputes and the WTO seeks to avoid these disputes by enabling smooth flowing trade. TRIPS, on the other hand, is a treaty that deals with intellectual properties.

Impact of Motivation on workers productivity in the construction industry Essay Example for Free

Impact of Motivation on workers productivity in the construction industry Essay This is a research on the relationship between motivation and performance of workers in the Nigerian construction industry. It identifies a number of motivational schemes that enhance the performance of workers. Findings from the research on productivity of construction workers are reported. Two sets of questionnaires were employed in the study. One set was administered on management staff and the other on operatives. The study reveals that salaries paid to operatives in the study were below the stipulations of the Nigerian National Joint Industry Council. It further shows that operatives are rarely promoted, and operatives prefer financial incentives to nonfinancial incentives. The study recommends that increases in salary via promotion, overtime allowances and holidays with pay should be used as motivators (financial incentives) for increase in performance of construction workers (operatives). Keywords: construction, incentives, motivation, operatives, productivity. INTRODUCTION The output of the construction industry constitutes one-half of the gross capital, and three to eight percent of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in most countries (Arditi and Morkhtar 2000). Mee-Edoiye and Andawei (2000) declared that the employees in the civil and building construction industry of a country are the largest. The population of the workers compared to the whole workforce of a nation is significant. Anything done to the employees could either make or mar the quality of their work, the speed of progress,  the economy of the country and the social well-being of the workers. It follows from the foregoing therefore that workers should be well motivated for high performance and for the production of good quality products. However, despite this significant role the industry plays in the Nigerian national economy, the performance has not been impressive. Eldin and Egger (1990) noted that construction productivity has been declining steadily in spite of the rising cost and large labour intensive nature of construction projects around the world. The decline in the workers’ performance causes the failure of the building industry to deliver projects timely with the obvious consequences of cost overrun. Labour productivity according to Akindele (2003) is defined as labour output per day (man-day). This is often reduced by delayed, unclear or inadequate instructions, provision of poor tools and equipment, unbalanced work gangs, use of working method, lack of incentives, and failure to delegate authority from senior to lower level supervisors (Heap 1987). Aiyetan and Olotuah The productivity of individuals, which in turn affects the productivity of a company, is a very important parameter to watch as it measures a company’s competitive power. It is an indicator of a firm’s profit margin, a measure of the firm’s survival in business, a yardstick for remuneration of employees, and a means of recognition of hard work. LITERATURE REVIEW Productivity Productivity measures how efficiently resources are employed, It is defined as the ratio of a specific measure of output to a specific measure of input  per unit of labour and is measured as total output divided by the members of units of labour employed to produce that output Williams (1997) defines human capital (labour) as the accumulated knowledge, skill and experience of the labour force. As individual workers acquire more human capital, their productivity and hence their income grows. Labour comprises the broad category of human effort, both physical and mental directed towards productivity. Motivation Motivation is an art targeted to getting people work willingly, and an art of inducing one to behave in a particular manner to achieve a task. Mee-Edoiye and Andawei (2002) viewed motivation as a human engineering approach being triggered by the individual needs. Flippo (1982) defined motivation as a psychological process initiated by the emergence of needs involving a goal directed action and behaviour aimed at satisfying a particular desire. It is the inducement given to workers for higher output. Motivated behaviour has three basic characteristics: 1. It is sustained – it is maintained for a long time until satisfied. 2. It is goal-directed – it seeks to achieve an objective. 3. It results from a felt need – an urge directed towards a need. Several authors including Robert and GeneNeuport (1995), Williams (1997) and Cole (1999) have propounded theories to help to understand the human being and how to handle him to get goals achieved. The theories propounded include: 1. The Maslow’s Theory of Hierarchy of Needs: Abraham Maslow developed a needs–based theory of motivation. People are extraordinary complex creatures with many motives for behaviours on and off the job. Maslow (1954) identified and analyzed five basic needs, which he believed underlay all human behaviours, these needs relate to physiology (the needs for food water, air and sex), security (safety, the absence of illness), society or affiliation (friendship, interaction, love), esteem (respect and recognition), and self actualization (the ability to reach one’s potentials). These are perceptions for high performance and productivity of individuals. Before Maslow, most managers assumed that money primarily motivated people. With Maslow’s work, managers can evaluate their own actions, their companies conduct and their individual philosophies about people. Maslow’s needs theory presented a workable motivation framework for managers. 2. McGregor’s Hygiene Theories X and Y Motivation on workers productivity An unmet need can frustrate an employee and make him unproductive. Douglas McGregor published the human side of enterprise in 1960. In it, he explained that managers operate from one or two basic assumptions about human behaviour: Theory X and Theory Y. The first theory, the view traditionally held about labour, portrayed workers in industry as being lazy and needing to be coerced, controlled and directed. The second described people as McGregor thought them to be; responsible, willing to learn and given the proper incentives inherently motivated to exercise ingenuity and creativity. McGregor holds the view that the traditional way of treating people – regarding them as unthinking, uncaring robots – must change. Indeed, McGregor stressed that only by changing these assumptions could managers tap workers’ or labourers’ vast talents. He emphasized that what matters was how people were treated and valued in their work settings. He went further by advising man agers to give employees a chance to contribute, take control and responsibility. Table 1 shows the assumptions of Theories X and Y. With these theories, managers could discover what employees want from workplace, how to enlist their cooperation and commitment and how to unleash their talents, energy and creativity for their ultimate goal, which in most cases is high level of productivity. Familiarity with theories of motivation allows a manager an educated viewpoint from which to consider how to develop workers, capture commitment and develop a positive work environment. Table 1: Assumption about workers according to theory X and theory Y Theory X People basically dislike work and avoid it whenever possible Because most people dislike work, they have to be closely supervised and threatened with punishment to reach objectives. Most people have little creativity. They are not capable of solving problems. Rather, they must be directed. Most people have limited intellectual potential. Contribution above basic job performance should not be expected. Theory Y Most people find work as natural as play or rest and develop an attitude towards work based on their experience with it. People do not need to be threatened with punishment; they will work voluntarily toward organizational objectives to which they are committed. Most people possess a high degree of imagination, ingenuity and creativity with which to solve organizational problems. Although people have intellectual potential, modern industrial life utilizes only part of it. Source: Plunkett and Attener (1994) The core of theories X and Y is that a management philosophy influences the type of work climate the manager endeavours to create and ultimately, how the manager treats people. Frederick Herzberg’s two-factor theory developed in (1975) also called hygienemotivator. One set of the theory defines factors that lead to job satisfaction; these factors are called hygiene factors. Salary: To prevent job dissatisfaction, a manger should provide adequate wages, salaries, and fringe benefits. Job security: Company grievance procedures and seniority privileges contribute to high-quality hygiene. Aiyetan and Olotuah Working conditions: Managers ensure adequate heat, light, ventilation, and hours of work to prevent dissatisfaction. Status: Managers who are mindful of the importance of hygiene factors provide privileges, job titles, and other symbols of rank and position. Company policies: To prevent job dissatisfaction, managers should provide policies as guidelines for behaviour and administer the policies fairly. Quality of technical supervision: When employees are not able to receive answers to job-related questions, they become frustrated. Providing highquality technical supervision for employees prevents frustration. Quality of interpersonal relations among peers, supervisors, and subordinates: In an organization with high-quality hygiene factors, the workplace provides social opportunities as well as the chance to enjoy comfortable work-related relationships. The other set of factor the theory defines is that which produces job satisfaction and motivation called motivators. Achievement: The opportunity to accomplish something or contribute something of value can serve as a source of job satisfaction. Recognition: Wise managers let employees know that their efforts have been worthwhile and that management notes and appreciates them. Responsibility: The potential for acquiring new duties and responsibilities, through either job expansion or delegation, can be a powerful motivator for some workers. Advancement: The opportunity to improve one’s position because of job performance gives employees a clear reason for high performance. The work itself: When a task offers the opportunity for self-expression, personal satisfaction, and meaningful challenge, employees are likely to  undertake the task with enthusiasm. Possibility of growth: The opportunity to increase knowledge and personal development is likely to lead to job satisfaction. TYPES OF MOTIVATION Motivation can be classified into two categories. These are non-financial and financial incentives schemes. Non-financial motivation is intangible; it includes advancement, the work itself, responsibility, recognition, relations with co-workers, company policy and working institutions. Financial Incentive Scheme There are two areas into which financial incentives scheme fall; those of operatives and those of managers. According to Cole (1997), incentive scheme for managers include, extra payments or increase in salaries, fringe benefits covering such items as, car, sickness benefits, free education for managers’ children, and free holidays. Others are free lunches, free travel abroad with wife and family, access to newspapers and journals, free interest loan and free medical scheme (Pigors 1981). Financial Incentives Schemes to Operatives Cole (1997) gave a list of financial incentives to operatives, which include good holiday pay, extra pay for shift work and uncomfortable, dirty and unhealthy conditions, profit sharing, long service allowances, overtime availability when operatives require it, pension fund contribution by the company, death benefits and dependants, employee’s liability insurance and medical facility to operative’s family. METHODOLOGY The study was carried out in Nigeria, and random sampling technique was used for selecting firms for study. Some towns where construction activities are high were selected; one from each of the three parts of the country (the north, east and west). Abuja, Port-Harcourt and Lagos were chosen. Since construction processes are the same throughout the country, these towns were used as representative samples of the study area since all towns cannot be reached for the study due to the huge sum of money that would be required as well as the time needed for such an endeavour. The target population for the study was the management staff (architects, builders, quantity surveyors and engineers) and contractors. In order to obtain the sample size of the study, the Corporate Affairs Commission was visited to obtain the number of registered companies with them and particularly those that have their head offices in the selected towns. A total of 96 companies were listed (registered), the formula be low given by Siegel and Castellan (1988) was used to obtain the sample size. It gave a sample size of 16 companies. Data was collected from 74 questionnaires. The operatives were asked the kind of motivation the management gives to them and they prefer to indicate their productivity as high. The management staff was also asked the kind of motivation they give and that which operatives prefer for high productivity. The mean score of the sum of central tendency (statistical tool) was used for the analysis of data since parameters analyzed is small. Presentation and Analysis of Data from questionnaire type 1 (for management) Majority of the respondents, 33.33% showed that the salary paid is slightly below the Nigerian National Joint Industrial Council (NJIC) agreement. For 27.27% construction firms pay exactly NJIC agreement, and 21.21% assert that salaries paid  construction workers are far below NJIC agreement, while 18.18% indicated that salaries paid construction workers is a little above NJIC. From the analysis, it could be seen that most of the organizations pay salary, which is below NJIC agreement, and this may affect the performance of workers negatively (Table 2) Table 2: Salary structure used compared with current NJIC agreement S/N Salary Structure Far above NJIC agreement A little above NJIC agreement Exactly NJIC agreement Slightly below NJIC agreement Far below NJIC agreement No. of Respondents 0 6 9 11 7 33 Percentage of Respondents 0% 18.18% 27.27% 33.33% 21.21% 100% Source: Fieldwork, 2005 Twenty nine percent (29%) of the organizations carry out promotion on company’s policy because of performance of workers. The study found out that promotion is not done on a regular basis, for example after every 3 years but based on the performance of workers (Table 3). Of all the motivating factors available in the construction industry, the most used for higher performance is overtime with 9.4% followed by health care services with 9.0% and thirdly by provision of transportation facility to and from work with 8.9%. The least used motivating factor is profit sharing with 3.3% followed by telephone services. The reason for overtime being used mostly as motivation for higher performance is that to the operatives, they receive money in return and while to the organization work done is increased. While health care services, which are free put confidence into workers to work hard, and when sick they will be taken adequate care of without spending money of their own (Table 4). As far as the operatives are concerned, the motivation they preferred most is holiday abroad with pay. The mean ranking is 7.79%. The likely reason that could be adduced for this is that, workers will be exposed to more experience in their field of work, to the latest available tools and equipment, better construction techniques/methods, which makes them become experts in their field and hence production will be faster and with higher quality. This will have a resultant effect on their cadre, as they will receive promotion. Increase in salary is the second most preferred motivating factor, which comes naturally. They will be able to send their children to good schools, feed well and have a sense of belonging in the society. The least preferred motivating factor is telephone services, followed by responsibility. This is because it is not a financial gain (Table 5). Presentation and Analysis of Data from Questionnaire Type 11 (For Operatives) Most (51.22%) operatives indicated that salaries paid them is a little below NJIC agreement. This makes workers not to work well as they feel cheated and thereby it affects productivity negatively (Table 6). The two groups agree that salaries paid workers are slightly below NJIC agreement. Most of the operatives (26.4%) have a view that promotion is given to those who have people to influence it for them. While 26.2% hold the opinion that promotion is based on performance, and another 26.2% opine that promotion is rarely done (Table 7). An increase in salary of workers makes them committed to hard work for high productivity. It is the first among all the factors ranked. Following this is promotion, which if regular keeps the workers focused on their job, due to the evaluation report that shall be made at the end of year and later compiled for use as promotion guide. Next to this is overtime, which increases the take home pay of the workers at the end of the month, and makes them to work harder. The least factors that could induce the workers to working hard are telephone services, responsibility and the work itself. The reason could be that they do not have financial reward to the operatives directly (Table 8). A comparison of the questionnaires shows that both groups agree that the salary paid to labourers is slightly lower than the NJIC recommendation. This is likely to affect the labourers’ productivity and may be one of the reasons that delay in delivery of projects is experienced on majority of projects. There is a difference of opinion on the policy of organizations on the promotion of operatives. While the management claims that it is done very regularly and fair, the operatives believe it is rarely done and if done at all it is for those who have godfathers. The most motivating factors according to the management are overtime pay, health care services and provision of transportation in this order, whereas the operatives opine that these are increase in salary, promotion and overtime pay. RECOMMENDATIONS The following recommendations are hereby made based on the analysis of data from the field and conclusion reached. 1.  Companies are requested to adjust their salary structure to reflect the NJIC recommendation; this will enhance the performance of workers. 2.  Management should be concerned with the welfare of the workers and their families. This will give the workers a sense of belonging and being appreciated will make them to be focused and completely committed to their work. 3.  Increase in salary; promotion, overtime and holiday with pay should be used as motivators for increase in performance of construction workers. 4.  Promotion should be done regularly and should be based on performance of workers. CONCLUSION The paper discusses the impact of motivation on the productivity of workers in the Nigerian construction industry. Since motivation is an inducement for higher output it should be accorded a right of place by employers of labour for the construction industry to achieve higher productivity, which will lead to greater contribution to the nation’s Gross Domestic Output. REFERENCES Akindele, O A (2003) Craftsmen and Labour Productivity in the Swaziland Construction Industry. CIDB 1st Postgraduate Conference, University of Withwatersrand, Port Elizabeth, South Africa. Arditi, D and Mokhtar, K (2000) Trends in Productivity Improvement in the US Construction Industry. Construction Management and Economics, 18(2), 15-27 Cole G A (1997) Personal management, 1st Edition Ashford Colour Press. Eldin, N N and Egger, S (1990) Productivity improvement tools, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management 116(1), 100-110. Flippo, E B (1982) Personnel Management, 5th Edition, McGraw hill Inc. London Heap, A (1987) Improving Site Productivity in the Construction Industry. International Labour Office, Geneva Plunkett, W.R and Attner, R.F (1999) Introduction to Management 5th Edition, International Thomson Publishing, California. pp. 43-47, 394-407. Pigors P J W (1981) Personnel Administration: A point of view and method. 9th Edition, McGraw-Hill International Auckland Maslow, A H (1954): Motivation and Personality, Harper and Row, New York Mee-Edoiye, M and Andawei M.M (2002): Motivation, An Alternative to improve workers performance in Today Construction Industry. The Quantity Surveyor. 40(3), 2-6. Cole, G. A. (1999) Management: theory and practice. 5ed. Asford Colour Press, Gosport: Great Britain, 33–76 Robert, L. Trewatha and M. Gene Neuport (1995) Management. 3ed. Business Publication Inc. 359–367. Williams A. McEachern (1997) Economics. A Contemporary Introduction. 4ed. Southwestern College Publishing, Cincinnati, Ohio. pp. 111. Siegel, S. and Castellan, N. J. (1988). Non-parmetric statistics for the behavioural science. McGraw-hill Book Co., Singapore.

The Effects of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 Essay

The Effects of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 The verb copy is defined as â€Å"To reproduce an original.† (Webster, 57-58) This idea of copying has been around for hundreds of years. In the current time, laws have had to be written to protect against the idea of copying someone else’s work. There are ways around the copyright laws. â€Å"A copy is in violation of a copyright if the original can be â€Å"perceived, reproduced, or otherwise communicated by or from the copy, directly or indirectly.† As years go on, copyrights become more and more specific as to what uses and kinds of copying are covered. (Baase, 239) Copyrights, in general, have been around for well over 200 years. â€Å"The first U.S. copyright law was passed in 1790. This copyright only protected books, maps, and charts. The copyright law of 1790 was later revised, covering photography, sound recording and movies.† (Baase, 239) Back then, that was their version of new technology where as today, if that copyright was all we had, no one would have an original of anything and no one would probably make nearly as much profit as they do now with new copyright laws that have been passed to protect the new up to date technology. Some examples of copyrights changing with the new technology come in years following. One of these examples of a copyright being revised is the copyright of 1976 and 1980. These copyright laws were revised to include software. (Baase, 239) An example of these ever-changing laws is the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998. Under this act, people are prohibited in â€Å"making, distributing or using of tools, which are devices, software or services, to circumvent technological copyright protecti... ...Act of 1998 can be seen as both a positive thing and a burden on some things. The act was generated to protect the originality of work and has successfully done so. To the artists it has helped and to the users of such things as Napster, it has hurt. At any rate, the act is an important one and when used correctly prevents fraud of a different sort. Works Cited Baase, Sara. (2003). A Gift of Fire (2nd ed.).Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. 1994). Webster’s Dictionary. Nickel Press. Lee, J. (2001, July). U.S. Arrests Russian Cryptographer as Copyright Violator. [15 paragraphs]. The New York Times. Available: www.nytimes.com/2001/07/18/technology/18CRYP.htmll?todaysheadline Brown, J. (2000, May). Napster throws Metallica a curveball. [8 paragraphs]. Salon.com. Available: http://dir.salon.com/tech/log/2000/05/10/napster_metallica/index.html

Power of Emotional Branding

The Power Of Emotional Branding Scope – This paper attempts to define emotional branding & techniques used to achieve the same â€Å"People spend money when and where they feel good† – Walt Disney The word brand is derived from Old English meaning â€Å"burning stick† (and ultimately from the Indo-European word meaning â€Å"to be hot†). Livestock branding was used by the ancient Egyptians as early as 2700 BC as a theft deterrent, as stolen animals could then be readily identifiable. A Brand is something that encapsulates the key features of the product – its image, usage and price – in an easily recognizable and interesting form. From the consumer viewpoint, the brand is a signal of quality. Their positive experience with brands helps establish both a preference for the brand as well as an emotional attachment. Advertisers today do not advertise by simply selling a product to consumers but rather to sell a lifestyle and an identity through their products. The emotional branding falls in the zone of pull strategy. Emotional branding targets pain points like ladies & children. Brands enable their owners to enjoy sustainable competitive advantages—and therefore superior financial performance. We can consider that as per the Maslow’s pyramid different people have same needs at different stages of their life. So the emotional branding is done depending upon the product and the niche in which it has positioned it self. Like for a trendy ladies bicycle you would not take a muscle man for emotional branding rather the emotions will be focused on a pleasing looking young lady with whom the other girls can identify themselves with . Here we would like to say that the characters shown in the emotional branding should not always be the end users , it could be aimed at the decision makers. Like for example a baby shown in the advertisement is a very strong catalyst for mothers who are the decision makers ,to purchase the product. When for emotional branding if the organization shows a player or is showing a celebrity it wants to state the message that its product also has in it the energy, skills or looks like the brand ambassador. For experiential or credence goods, product quality is often difficult to discern even after consumption, and you might need extensive experience before arriving at such an assessment. After all, you do not drive a car for a week and become convinced of its overall reliability! In such cases, the consumer’s brand perceptions of intangibles such as implied reliability; quality and image of product innovation and expertise play a critical role in determining customer loyalty. Experience with a brand lowers perceived risk and enhances loyalty. Lack of experience with a product leads to higher risk perceptions reducing the likelihood of that option being tried by consumers. Thus, in â€Å"experience† goods consumer often rely on the sellers’ expertise. In this case the sellers brand associations lead the consumer’s choice. Recently Toyota appointed Aamir Khan as their Brand ambassador for their Innova model , the link is perfect ness off all features between both. Products confirm to some specifications, comply with some tolerance range and confirm to some quality standards. The product-features get translated to functional value propositions (FVP) for the customer. The better functional value proposition could be also be offered by offering similar functionalities at lesser price. Thus, the products offering just functional value proposition are quite vulnerable. A better safeguard is to offer the customer an emotional reason to purchase over and above the functional one. Let us call it Emotional Value Proposition (EVP) The emotional reason is difficult to be replicated by the competitor, hence, even of the competitor matches the FVP, EVP creates the immunity. The customer starts seeing a definite benefit in associating with it. Successful brands own the emotions in the customers mind. The customers associate feeling of safety with Volvo and trustworthiness with TATA. Over a period of time the Brands develop a relationship with the customer. Since, the Brands consistently evoke the emotions, customers tend use them to express themselves. That is the ultimate level the Brands can reach. At this level, they become the part of customer’s personality. The only a handful Brands can achieve this enviable position and therefore become immortal. Out of close to 50 Tea brands tracked in NRS 2002, there is only one brand that has made to the Superbrand status in India. Each brand offers a tangible functional value proposition, the missing link is emotional connect. Surf, Pears, Maruti, Titan, TATA are all brands that people have come to trust and love because they have not only delivered exceptional products but a great experience to go with them. [pic] [pic] Branding began as a way for consumers to identify the product with the craftsman . Today the link between product and name may be more tenuous but it’s as effective as ever . Celebrities like Jennifer Lopez and Amitabh Bachan lend star power to products that otherwise would be starting from zero to create an identity and image in the minds of consumers. In the late 80’s the handloom saris of Sambalpur , Orissa got a indirect celebrity branding due to the use by the late then Prime Minister of India Smt. Indira Gandhi & adopted by one of the news anchors of Doordarshan. Celebrities are brands. They are defined by what people think about them, they have a competitive positioning relative to other celebrities. Fans of celebrities get excited when they see them; they want their endorsement; they often feel some kind of affinity to what a particular celebrity â€Å"stands for. When a celebrity becomes the face of a charity, or lends his name to another product or service, customers of that celebrity show rising levels of interest in the associated organization, product or offer. Some of the image of the celebrity is â€Å"transferred† to the third party. The inherent upside of attaching a celebrity to a brand is that the brand literally has a face, name and personality that immediately projects an image of a living, breath ing, credible person as opposed to a faceless corporate entity. The downside is that individuals are not as stable or as easily controllable as corporate entities. As fame comes and goes, so goes the brand. But when the star is ascending, the idea is to capitalize on the glamour of celebrity by selling a piece of the dream. Jennifer Lopez sells music, movies, clothes and perfume bearing her name. The brands are aspirational and literally sell the fairy-tale like qualities of the celebrity and his/her life. KBC is a hit because for the first time, Indian TV participants are able to walk home with large amounts of money, which taps into a basic, if often denied, human characteristic: greed. But the biggest plus factor in the show is Bachchan. His importance lies first in his stature as a past Bollywood star; his skill as a host is a bonus. Bachchan brand has transitioned from the angry young underdog fighting for social justice, to a caring achiever who, having journeyed from rags (in a manner of speaking) to riches, is willing to hold your hand and guide you along the same path. He’s the striver who succeeded and the people love him for it. Legend has it that Tommy Hilfiger’s clothing brand enjoyed a US$ 100 million sales climb over a one year period after rapper Snoop Dogg appeared clothed in a Hilfiger logo rugby shirt on television program â€Å"Saturday Night Live. J. Lo’s first perfume â€Å"Glow by J. Lo,† released in 2002, was an instant hit among 15 to 21 year old females – the same group who buy her albums. While no exact figures are public, in early January 2003, industry observers estimated that her fragrance sales totaled $44 million in the scent’s first four months. Similarly we have Michael Jordon associated with Nike which catapulted its sales from about $1 billion (1985) to over $9 billion (1997). Pierre Cardin is often cited as an example of an over-extended brand, which lost credibility for exactly this reason. When there were more extensions and diffusion lines than core product, the brand almost collapsed. By analogy, if David Beckham does too many non-footballing activities, of if Jennifer Lopez launches too many clothing lines, one suspects that they will no longer be taken seriously in their day jobs. Amitabh Bachan is likely to loose his brand appeal if he continues to advertise for literally anything & everything . Key Mandates for Emotional Branding From Consumers to People: Consumers buy, People live. Create a desire in a customer in a positive manner without harassing them. From Product to Experience: Product fulfill needs, experiences fulfill desires. Customers buying just for need is driven by price and convenience. A shopping experience as being provided in the modern Malls has added value and will remain in consumers emotional memory as a connection made on a level for beyond need. From Honesty to Trust: Honesty is the best policy. Truth is even better. It needs to be earned. One of the most powerful moves towards building consumer trust was retailer’s implementation of the â€Å"no questions asked† return policy some years ago. From Quality to Preference Quality is a necessary offering if you want to stay in business; it is expected and had better be delivered. Preference toward a brand is the real connection to success for example Amul. There is no stopping a brand when it is preferred. From Notoriety to Aspiration :Being known does not mean that you are also loved! Reliance Industries is a household name in India. But the company’s recent malpractices in the telecom sector (where TDSAT imposed a fine of Rs. 150 crore to be paid to Department of Telecom) are not something that a customer would aspire emotionally. So more than visibility, a brand has to be inspirational. From Identity To Personality : Identity is recognition. Personality is about character and charisma! Identity is descriptive. It is recognition. Personality is about character and charisma. Brand identities are unique and express a point of difference on the competitive landscape. They have a charismatic character that provokes an emotional response. BSNL has a strong identity, but Airtel has personality. From Function to Feel Functionality of a product can become stale if its appearance and usage are not also designed for the senses. The Apple iMac and Gillette razors are brands that are focused on presenting fresh shapes and sensory experiences consumers appreciate. From Communication to Dialogue Communication is telling. Dialogue is sharing, a two-way street, a conversation with the consumer. From Service to Relationship If we greet customers, exchange a few extra words with them and then custom-make a drink exactly to their taste, they will be eager to come back. † – Howard Shultz, CEO of Starbucks. Service involves a basic level of efficiency in a commercial exchange. But relationship means that the brand representatives really seek to understand and appreciate who their customers are. A well-managed celebrity endorsement comes down to â€⠀ the ability to convey to the target market that the celebrity is benefiting from the brand, and they will too. So Emotional Branding is the new mantra. As Mike McNight said, â€Å"People don’t really care how much you know until they know how much you care. † Bibliography Marc Gobe – Emotional Branding, Allworth Press Vivek Vaidya – Separating Brands from Labels , Associate Project Director – Vertebrand Management Consulting Rajendra Srivastava , Greg Metz Thomas – The Executive’s Guide to Branding ,Corporate Performance and Brands: The Risk and Return Effects of Branding – Zyman Institute of Brand Science, Emory University’s Goizueta Business School. [email  protected] com , [email  protected] com. Alycia de Mesa – Sell-lebrity : Products Get Star Treatment Chris Grannell and Ruwan Jayawardena – Celebrity Branding Cabell AK – Celebrity Endorsements –Reach for the Stars Vincent Grimaldi – The Fundamentals of Branding David Liss – The Brands We Love to Hate Angela Phipps Towle – Celebrity branding Glenn Livingston, PH. D. -Emotions vs. Emotional Benefits in Marketing Executive Solutions, Inc. Syosset New York ,[email  protected] com Raju Bist – A brand in the life of Bachan

Byzantine and the Impact of Islam

Byzantine is a Roman empire or the empire of Greeks in the Middle East. The history of Byzantine is a continuous line from the latter centuries of Rome to the very beginning of the modern time. It’s about the culture of the Greece and Rome that has a unique cultural history based on synthesis of Roman, European and Islamic elements when it suffered three crisis of external invasion, internal civil war and economy that later made the administrative center less important. (Bury, J. B. 1989).The emperor of Byzantine Empire was Justinian who occupied territories by the Goths and the main occupants of the empire were Christians, but after the fall of Rome; Christians who were horribly persecuted by the Byzantines welcomed the Muslims conquerors with open arms just to tolerate their religion. (Barker, J. W. 1966) By the time justinian resigned Byzantine was in a financial crisis. Later Heraculius succeeded him. When the throne was assumed, a forty-year old Arab named Muhammad swept the streets with messages of Islam across the entire empire.At the end of his regime Muhammad’s message came to pass and Muslims armies emerged and started making raids into Byzantine territory in Syria and began to conquer the Persian territories. (Bury, J. B. 1989) Because of the disaffected populations of Christians and Jews who had been persecuted earlier, the Muslim quickly conquered Byzantine territories in the ninth century. Their victory did not last long because of the Islamic government under Caliph deteriorated and Byzantines started to dominate the Asia Minor and by the tenth century they reconquered most of Syria and became more powerful and influential again.The crusaders The Byzantines however saught help from the Europe against the Muslims conquerors. Europe decided to assist them despite their cultural differences as they shared a common religion with the Byzantines. In 1204 the crusaders attacked the city of Constantinople a goal that the Muslims had been tr ying to conquer for centuries and conquered the Muslims. In 1261 the Byzantine Empire ceased to be an empire and was known as a small kingdom that later in 1453, the Constantinople city was permanently conquered by the Ottoman Turks and was renamed Istanbul.(Diehl, C. (1957) Byzantine Christianity Byzantine Christianity was a different religion from the Latin Christianity, what made it look different was the role of the emperor in matters regarding the faith. While for the Latin Christians the pope in matters of faith was almost solidified. Later the Byzantines inherited the roman idea and practiced a form of Christianity whereby theological authority was vested in the emperor. Through this theological authority it created a permanent breach in the world of Christianity between the west and the east.The breach was to produce iconoclastic controversy that the worship of images and icons was a sign of pagan belief. Only Christ and God should be worshiped this was angulated by Leo the saurian who had turned the tide against the Muslim in 717. The collapse of the Byzantine empire in 1453 saw the Russians believe that they were inheritors of the Byzantine empire and later began the roman empire. (Amis, R1995).Byzantium Empire and impact of IslamThe Byzantine Empire was able to survive for a period of time though not easily achieved through Heraculius some of the empires were kept together despite confrontation on the three sides of empire, and was able to save the empire from the Muslim. (Diehl, C. (1957) His effort worked but his 200,000 troops were killed and a lot of wealth lost during the war with the Persians. After the fight with the Persian he thought of rebuilding the empire but this was not to be as the empire was again attacked by another threat of Islam. The Muslims again got the opportunity to invade Persia and the Byzantine and this surprised both of them.The Persia and the Byzantine Empire did not have strength to fight back the Muslims attacks and th is paved way for Muslims to conquer the eastern provinces of the Byzantines. (Bury, J. B. 1989) The Muslims invasion in the empire weakened the internal division and many Christians wanted to keep their faith and always looked upon religious sects as heretics. Most of them who were persecuted to them life under Islam was good compared to Byzantines because Muslims did not look down upon other religion and this resulted to Muslims being welcomed to Byzantine Empire.Finally when Heraculius died the Muslim got opportunity to conquer the eastern provinces of Byzantine Empire. In the 14th and 15th centuries Islam was already being accepted by the Albanians and later it was in quick acceptance by other nations. . (Diehl, C. (1957) After the death of Mohammed Islam spread very fast and outside Arabia its spread was aided by various political upheavals. The long series of wars between the Byzantine and Persian empires is always credited for this fast spread in the near east especially after the triumph of the Muslims.The Byzantine Empire had the character of imposing Christianity on the population it conquered, for this reason the Syrians and the Egyptians resented and resisted the attempts made by the Byzantine Empire to impose Christianity on them. (Diehl, C 1957) Therefore when the Muslims came to these particular areas they were readily accepted to forestall any attempts that the Byzantine were trying to make, this led to the fall of Syria to the Arab armies to be followed soon by the fall of Iraq and Persia with Egypt falling in 640 AD with very little resistance.With this conquest Islam soon spread to most territories of the Near East and Africa. (Diehl, C. 1957) In the Byzantine Empire there was fierce fanaticism that included interdenominational strife and religious persecution amongst the Christians themselves, compared with the practice and the doctrine of the Islamic faith that tolerated other religions it endeared itself to others. For example the Byzantin es brutally attempted to suppress Christian sects who questioned the established Church.Also there was oppression of the peasants who were heavily taxed. The Empire also suppressed non-orthodox Christian teachings. Opposition to Islam after the conquest was weakened by the fact that under the Muslims, taxes were not very heavy like before and the non-orthodox Christian sects could now operate comfortably. (Diehl, C 1957) The spread of Islam in the better part of Middle East was made possible by Arab victories over Byzantine armies. The Byzantines were the major enemies to be encountered by the Aryans from the Arabian Desert.The encounter with the Byzantines was the first of many major battles between Muslims and Christians. It was Omar who acted as Caliph or head of the Moslem community in 634-44AD that initiated the fast expansion of the Arabs and Islam. Omar achieved the first great successes of Arab armies outside of the Arabian Peninsula when he conquered the Byzantine Empire ru led by the Emperor Heraclius. Omar's armies attacked Syria, seizing large areas. In 636AD at the Battle of Yarmuk the Byzantine Army were greatly humiliated by the Arabs when they defeated them.This saw the Arabs entering Jerusalem and Damascus in 638. It was during these period that it is believed Christianity replaced Christianity in this particular area as a result of the weakness of the Byzantine Empire. Arab rulers imposed a personal tax on all non-Muslims, which encouraged many to convert to the Muslim Faith. In the new Caliphate there was no forced conversions but happened later. At first the Arabs did not consider converting anyone because of the taxes they collected which provided great incomes.(Diehl, C 1957) Cultural and intellectual factor Islam as a religion does not recognize superstitions but is a simple and rational religion that emphasize on knowledge and learning. Through learning as the foremost priority to humankind the Islamic civilization spread through many co untries. The Muslim never destroyed things in middle east as the Christians in Spain what they did was to defend what was positive and eventually embrace it.Political and economic impactIslam was seen as a religion without any political and economic principles. However Islam preached a new concept of human relations avoiding nationalism and class divisions. Islam main concern and interest was humankind’s relations with God. Politically Islam perception was that the supreme power rests with God and equality before the law is a major principle of the political system. (Diehl, C. (1957) In Balkan nations, emergence of Islam was very important compared to the Byzantines Empire.Islam also emphasized on the economic aspect of life and this was clearly shown through justified ways of making profits, possession of property and not overspending and everybody must earn a living in an honest way. Islam came up with obligatory and voluntary laws that have played important roles in the ec onomic system of Islam. Before Islam spread to Balkan nation and Byzantine Empire people who lived there had some kind of social chaos but Muslims brought a new approach to the social lives of the Balkans.For example: Muslim women played a crucial part in the institution of family and were always considered equal in every aspect to her male counterpart. A woman is always the first to show kindness, love, and sincerity and educate. While for Christians, women are seen as devils instrument to harm or hurt people. (Diehl, C. (1957) When they conquered Byzantine Islam played a role in regulating the slavery and sanctioned better conditions for the slaves and even encouraged the prohibition of slavery.Islam also brought together the Middle East and came up with a common language known as Arabic and a common religion known as Islam. After all this positive impact of Islam in Byzantine Empire some of the rules set up are not applicable in the 21st century. At one time there were most power ful, rich and advanced people and today they have created four empires, which include Umayyad, Abbasid, Mogul and Ottoman Empire. Their decline can be traced to about 1700 when the west caught up with the Ottoman the great Muslim empire and started misinterpreting the Koran.(Amin, H. A. 1989).REFERENCESAmin, Hussein Ahmad (1989).The present state of the Muslim umma. Muslim World Amis, Robin (1995).A Different Christianity: Early Christian Esotericism and Modern Thought. Albany: Suny Press, Barker, John W. (1966).Justinian and the Later Roman Empire. The University of Wisconsin Press, Bury, J. B. (1989).â€Å"Roman Emperor from Basil II to Isaac Komnenos,† English Historical Review. 41-64 & 251-286. Diehl, Charles. (1957).Byzantium: Greatness and Decline. Rutgers University Press.

Free Essays on The 21st Century Economy

The 21st Century Economy in the United States can be characterized as a very prosperous economy. The article â€Å"The 21st Century Economy.† In Business Week describes how the 90’s are no fluke. This decade has turned out to be a decade of unexpected prosperity. When the United States came out of World War II, United States productivity growth was at high levels. Then in the 1970’s it dropped mysteriously. This low productivity growth continued to the middle of the 1990’s and was thought to continue this way. Suddenly in 1995 productivity gains started to rise to overwhelming heights. In long run economics, productivity growth is the most important. This determines the path of income per capita, which effects out living standards. According to Robert D. McTeer, president and chief executive officer of the Federal Reserve bank of Dallas, two factors determine the rate of economic growth; productivity increases (more output for the same amount of inputs), and labor (the number of hours worked. There are many benefits that go along with the economic expansion we are experiencing. The current expansion has commonly been referred to by economists as â€Å"The 1990’s Economic Boom’, because the current growth of the United States economy is the longest ever in peacetime. Economists observe that the expansion has benefited nearly every American. According to the reports of the Labor Statistics, more than three out every four jobs created from 1989 to 1995 were highly paid professionals and managerial position. The Council of Economic Advisors reported that in Ninety-five and Ninety-six, more than half of new jobs created were in fields where the average wage ranked in the top third of all salaries. Another great benefit according to the Investor’s Business Daily in the January 19, 1999 publication is that 1.67 million families left welfare roles and 1.74 million more single parents found jobs... Free Essays on The 21st Century Economy Free Essays on The 21st Century Economy The 21st Century Economy in the United States can be characterized as a very prosperous economy. The article â€Å"The 21st Century Economy.† In Business Week describes how the 90’s are no fluke. This decade has turned out to be a decade of unexpected prosperity. When the United States came out of World War II, United States productivity growth was at high levels. Then in the 1970’s it dropped mysteriously. This low productivity growth continued to the middle of the 1990’s and was thought to continue this way. Suddenly in 1995 productivity gains started to rise to overwhelming heights. In long run economics, productivity growth is the most important. This determines the path of income per capita, which effects out living standards. According to Robert D. McTeer, president and chief executive officer of the Federal Reserve bank of Dallas, two factors determine the rate of economic growth; productivity increases (more output for the same amount of inputs), and labor (the number of hours worked. There are many benefits that go along with the economic expansion we are experiencing. The current expansion has commonly been referred to by economists as â€Å"The 1990’s Economic Boom’, because the current growth of the United States economy is the longest ever in peacetime. Economists observe that the expansion has benefited nearly every American. According to the reports of the Labor Statistics, more than three out every four jobs created from 1989 to 1995 were highly paid professionals and managerial position. The Council of Economic Advisors reported that in Ninety-five and Ninety-six, more than half of new jobs created were in fields where the average wage ranked in the top third of all salaries. Another great benefit according to the Investor’s Business Daily in the January 19, 1999 publication is that 1.67 million families left welfare roles and 1.74 million more single parents found jobs...

Learn How to Make a Suggestion in English

Learn How to Make a Suggestion in English When you make a suggestion, youre putting forward a plan or an idea for another person to consider. People make suggestions when theyre deciding what to do, offering advice, or helping a visitor. Learning how to make a suggestion is a good way to improve your English conversational skills. If you already know how to tell time, ask for directions, and hold a basic conversation, youre ready to learn how to make a suggestion! Try out this role-play exercise with a friend or classmate to practice. What Shall We Do? In this exercise, two friends are trying to decide what to do for the weekend. By making suggestions, Jean and Chris make a decision that theyre both happy with. See if you can identify where the suggestion is. Jean: Hi Chris, would you like to do something with me this weekend? Chris: Sure. What shall we do? Jean:Â  I dont know. Do you have any ideas? Chris:Â  Why dont we see a film? Jean:Â  Thats sounds good to me. Which film shall we see? Chris:Â  Lets see Action Man 4. Jean:Â  Id rather not. I dont like violent films. How about going to Mad Doctor Brown? I hear its quite a funny film. Chris:Â  OK. Lets go see that. When is it on? Jean:Â  Its on at 8 p.m. at the Rex. Shall we have a bite to eat before the film? Chris:Â  Sure, that sounds great. What about going to that new Italian restaurant Michettis? Jean:Â  Great idea! Lets meet there at 6. Chris:Â  OK. Ill see you at Michettis at 6. Bye. Jean:Â  Bye. Chris: See you later! When Jean says, Id rather not. I dont like violent films. How about going to Mad Doctor Brown? I hear its quite a funny film, he is making a suggestion. More Practice Once youve mastered the dialogue above, challenge yourself with some additional role-playing exercises. What suggestions would you make if a friend said to you: Why dont you/we go to the movies tonight?You/we could visit New York while youre/were there.Lets go to the travel agents this afternoon to book our ticket.What about asking your brother for help?How about going to Hawaii for your vacation?I suggest you/we take all the factors into consideration before we decide. Before answering, think about your response. What will you suggest? What related information should you tell your friend? Think about the necessary details, such as time or location. Key Vocabulary If youre being asked to make a decision, that suggestion usually comes in the form of a question. For example: Would you like to...?(What) shall we go...? If someone else has made a decision and they want your opinion, it may be made as a statement instead. For example:Â   Lets go...Why dont we go...How about going...What about going...

Global tourism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Global tourism - Assignment Example Every winter Oslo hosts numerous winter sports competitions in the famous Holmenkollen National Ski Arena. Thus, Oslo is an outstanding tourist-friendly location, which has much to offer. The capital of Norway is multinational and diverse city, which is not very typical to Scandinavian cities as for a long time emigration prevailed immigration. Now Oslo is one of the fastest-growing cities in Scandinavian countries that is why the population increases rapidly, and the city authorities has to tackle a number of social problems, and high immigration rate is one of the first (Kemp, 2008). In the last two years the population exceeded in 2%, and the number of residents is expected to grow in 40 % in the next few decades. Such boost of population is explained by higher life expectancy and rising birth rate (Savage, 2014). Norwegian economy continues to grow in spite of European crisis attracting migrant labor from less developed countries. Therefore, immigrants from Poland, Latvia, Pakistan and other countries become new residents of Oslo. This will cause additional demand for working places in the country, and the tourist sphere will be the one which will be able to offe rs such places. The capital immigration flow started in 60-s when oil was discovered in the North Sea, thus the city has already elaborated its mechanisms of integration for the new comers. Oslo was ranked as the second in the Intercultural Index Cities list, which means that it has managed to establish stable and effective policy framework with recourses and actions implemented in life (Oslo intercultural profile, 2012). Two years ago the city has introduced a new policy directive â€Å"City Government Decision 152/12 - Diversity Opportunities†, that is a modern statement of the city’s goals and perspectives, developing along with a direction first represented in 2001 with the founding of the OXLO Oslo Extra Large campaign. Encouraging immigrant inflow into the

Demonstrate your understanding of the teachers role in engaging Essay

Demonstrate your understanding of the teachers role in engaging children fully and actively in the learning process in each of the core subjects - Essay Example The authors further point out that educational institution have also put in place measures and policies that are aimed at developing the teaching practice effectively(Siegler & Alibali, 2005). In addition, a tutor’s success is measured by their ability to enhance learning of their student psychologically, socially and emotionally. The responsibility of tutors has developed to more than just academic duties. This has enhanced learning activities in institutions as students are exposed to more thanjust skillsin academics. This has increased the productivity of students produced in the society. As much as changes in learning processes have been implemented, there a lot of requirements from teachers that needs to be made. Educationalists have generated strategies and policies required for teachers to put in place. These strategies are aimed at improving teacher performance as well as increase their role in actively and fully involving students in learning processes. This requireme nt has been successful as tutors, institutions and stakeholders have generated more ways and means of making the teaching profession more effective. This paper will analyze the role of tutors in fully and actively involving students in the learning processes. The paper will include requirements and recommendations that are required from teachers to make their role more productive. Apart from learning processes, the paper will highlight other requirements from teacher that makes their role more versatile. Generally, this paper will focus on effective teaching and learning styles, scaffold learning, assessment strategies and the importance of understanding child development in the teaching profession. Learning styles are defined as different ways that people learn and enabled to incorporate learning materials. Apart from learning programs, learning styles are the most appropriate ways that people are able to learn and incorporate information and learning

Culture Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Culture Development - Essay Example A few examples include the learning a belief, way of doing things, even if they do not share a biological relationship which has led to development of the human "instincts". According to anthropologist, culture is not a product of biological evolution, but it is rather a mean of human adaptation to the world. Culture enables humans to change rapidly to the physical changes in the earth. The cultural phenomena is universal however, cultural adaptations changes from place to place with different set of meanings from place to place and people to people. As the culture has a symbolic system, it meanings also differs from place to place with changing beliefs, myths, rituals, tools making, house design, living and eating habits. A few anthropologists differentiate between symbolic and material culture, however since 1980 majority of archeologists agree, that the symbolic culture and material culture are interwoven and symbolic culture is expressed through material culture. Culture normally has certain unique characteristics such as: (a) symbols, which is an abstract way of referring to objects, ideas and feelings with the help of language;(b) culture is shared with in a group; (c) culture is not hereditary, but learned, even though people differ biologically, culturally they can have similar habits and behaviour; and Human being compr(d) Culture is adaptive. People use culture to quickly adjust and adopt to the changes in the world. Culture as a symbol Human being comprehends and communicates in symbols. It is these symbols, which allow people to develop complex ideas and thoughts with other people and language and arts are symbolic in nature, which makes it easier than gestures to express human emotions through symbols. A symbol some times has a relation or may not have any association with an object or idea. For example for Americans, the combination of white, blue and red colour has special meaning, the people in China consider red colour sacred one. In reality such colour may not have any practical purpose, but if these colour are combined in a shape of flag, people are willing to die for it as it stands as a symbol of honour for a nation. In order to convey, new ideas, human being has to constantly create new symbols and add more meanings to their expressions and feelings. Sometimes, one word is used to convey an idea, and some times combination of words are used to convey some deeper meaning. Human beings right from birth are able to construct and comprehend such complex symbols. Language provides a mean to store and communicate such expression, but some times it exceeds the capacity of the non-human animal. For example Chimpanzees, which are the closest genetic relative to human have few unique calls and gestures to communicate with each other. Chimpanzee in the lab experiments have been taught to communicate in sign language and were able to master a vocabulary of few hundred words, however chimpanzees do not have developed vocal tract like human beings. Culture through Learning Human beings are not born with culture, it is rather learned by living in a society. In all human societies children learn culture by imitating adults through the process of enculturation, which takes years to complete. In all human societies, children learn culture from adults and this process is called enculturation, or cultural transmission. However, it is not only

Social Issues of E-Commerce

Social Issues of E-Commerce Social Issues of E-Commerce Nowadays, the internet has created a new function called e-commerce. E-commerce is commonly known as electronic commerce and now already become a virtual main street of the world. It is essentially cover all the activities on internet and induce the customer to purchase the product over the internet. Thus, it is another way to running their own business over the internet and it used to selling and buying the product over the internet with other business man and customer on other state. E-Commerce is a good way to do their business because it can enlarge their business to whole world so that they can do their business bigger and makes more money in future. Besides that, it also can let more people know more about their product by seeing the picture of product that they upload and the details of the product that they list out on internet. Other than selling and buying product over the internet on e-commerce, it also have another function on e-commerce called supply chain management, e lectronic data interchange (EDI), electronic funds transfer, inventory management, online transaction processing, and data collection systems to make it more easy for business man for selling their product. I choose this subject to discuss their issues because e-commerce is the most popular on the internet and it has been become a virtual main street of the world. Besides that, it also has many issues for us to discuss so I decide to choose this subject to discuss. First, I will discuss the issues for e-commerce is security privacy. It is the most important issues for e-commerce because without security privacy, the customer will scared get cheated by the seller. For example, the customer will scared the seller products whether is good or bad because they just saw the picture of the product over the internet so the customer dont know whether the product are good or bad so they scared the seller will post up a bad thing to sell at internet. Another example is scared after the customer transfer the money to the seller then they wont send the product to the customer. Other than this 2 example, there still have another example is the customer dont know the actual price at marketing and t he seller just simply set up the price and did not follow the marketing price to gain their profit more than market price such as double or triple from the market price. These 3 examples will be the impacts of society because if the seller fraud the buyer then the society will become lower standard. Moreover, the impacts of IT industry is the buyer will not visit the web-sites again to purchase their products so that it will affect IT department said that e-commerce is not good in use on internet to do business because the buyer get cheat by the seller and they wont online to purchase the products again and they would rather buy the products on marketing by finding the products themselves. Besides that, there still have other issues of e-commerce. The second issues that I will discuss are shipping issues. Shipping issues means that when the buyer buys a product from the seller and the seller is from other state then they should use shipping to send the products to the buyer so that it can arrive to the place of buyer stay. In shipping, there need to have a good data management means that the seller need to manage the data securely such as addresses of buyer, names of buyer, credit card information of the buyer, and contact information of the buyer. They need to have a good management on this because if the seller never manage the data of the buyer securely and just simply write it down only then when they need to send the products to buyer after confirm all the transaction then only feel that some information already lost due to the paper that list out the buyer details cant find it out then it will become a shipping issues because without the information of the buyer then they cannot send the product to the buyer so when the buyer did not receive any products that they promise before with the date that the product will arrive to the buyer then the buyer will feel that they get cheat by the seller. Its very important because if the buyer feels they get cheat by seller then they wont go to that websites again to purchase the products. Besides that, for shipping fee, it is calculate with the weight of the products so after calculate the price out for shipping fee then it still need to add up the cost of the products so it will become a very high cost for the products compare with marketing price so it will cost highly if want to purchase the product over the internet and the seller are not stay in your country. These issues will affect the society become low standard if the buyer fell they get cheat by the seller and the buyer will think that mostly of the seller that stay at that country also same with him/her so their country will become low sta ndard. Besides that, these issues also will affect IT industry because the buyer will fell that although using internet to purchase a product is more easy but need to pay double or triple of the marketing price and they will they better buy themselves and not purchase though the internet so that it can saves more money compare with purchase online then the buyer will not use the internet again to purchase product so IT will become less people used for purchase products. Other than 2 issues above, there still have another issues called complexity of process. It means when the buyer want to purchase that such products then they need to follow their step to purchase a products from them such as register as a member of that website, fill up the agreement form, key in all your personal details, key in your credit card number and so forth. There have many step to follow if want to purchase a products over the internet. Although many step to do before purchase the products is for the best security privacy but the buyer will feel that the process of buying the products over the internet are complexity compare with buy a products outside. These issues also will be the same impacts to society and IT industry such as the society will become low standard and cannot progress to become better, and IT industry also will become not many people to use IT to purchase the products over the internet. Conclusion, after we discuss these all the issues for e-commerce, we already know that what is the impact of that all issues to society and IT industry so we need to learn from the issues so that we can make it better and improve the efficiency for e-commerce. First, we need to increase the security privacy such as build up a good impression for your website which is do not fraud people and so forth so that the buyer can trust your website when they want to purchase products. When the buyer trust your website then our society will become more high standard because nowadays they are using ecommerce to purchase products. Secondly, we need to decrease to shipping issue such as have a good data management so that the data wont get lost. Moreover, we also need to find out the economical ways to ensure that your products will arrive to the buyer with the time that you promise before and the shipment fee will not cost highly so that the buyer will always keep purchase products over the in ternet. When the buyer feel that shipment fee and product fee is a good cost and not cost highly then the buyer will keep purchase the products from your website so it can improve our society and also IT industry. Lastly, we need to reduce the step before purchase products such as we just ask the buyer to fill up his/her details that can contact his/her then uses email to verify again their details and then only send out the products to the buyer so that the buyer wont feel the process of purchase a product complexity and they also will always use internet to purchase the product so our society can become high standard and IT industry also will have a good feedback from user. After discuss how to reduce the issues of e-commerce, I believe that e-commerce will become more users friendly and will become a virtual main street of the world so they can purchase any products that they need over the internet. Reference wikinvest(2006), http://www.wikinvest.com/concept/E-Commercewebz, http://www.webz.com.my/ec.html goecart(2000), http://www.goecart.com/support/ecommerce-issues.aspx AllBusiness(1999), http://www.allbusiness.com/sales/internet-e-commerce/842-1.html EzineArticles(2009), http://ezinearticles.com/?General-eCommerce-Issuesid=182160